Source: GEI-Digital. After eleven years of being an apprentice, in Carl Zeiss returned to Jena on St. But before he could begin to consider establishing a business, Zeiss needed a residence permit. The simplest way to obtain one was to enroll at the university. It was not until 10 May that Zeiss submitted a request with the grand ducal provincial headquarters to grant him a permit. In spite of his excellent references, the Weimar building authority summoned him to their headquarters in order to assess his suitability to be a mechanic.
In his responses, Zeiss made no secret of the fact that he considered the exam questions as nothing more than an impertinence and a waste of time. The authority was clearly offended at his attitude and initially put his request to one side. On 21 October, Carl Zeiss became impatient and inquired about his request. Only then did the buildings office in charge readdress the issue. Then things went smoothly: On 19 November the provincial headquarters in Weimar granted Zeiss a permit and informed the Jena city council; on 26 November Zeiss received word from the council and on 8 December he became a citizen of Jena.
This illustrates the extraordinary regard in which the foreman was held in the company, even though much of the workforce considered his managerial style to be short-tempered and authoritarian. Little is known about what Carl Zeiss was like as a person. Years later Zeiss confided in his friend K.
Beck that he had made a good choice in his union with Bertha, even though the bride had virtually no wealth of her own. She was just 22 years old. Fortunately Zeiss was able to call on family assistance once again. Therese Schatter looked after her newborn grandson until she died in February , almost exactly one year after her daughter's death. This makes it an excellent source of social history. As such, he was tasked with overseeing weights and measures in and around the city of Jena. In September , he was named university mechanic.
Further proof of his growing reputation came in when he was named grand ducal court mechanic. From to , he was a member of the Jena local council. At the same time, he became a volunteer in charge of donations and funds for local welfare. In other words, Carl Zeiss was already a successful businessman and a highly respected citizen when he approached another key turning point in his life.
Carl Zeiss made many attempts to put microscope lenses on a scientific basis. Abbe initially focused the development of different measuring instruments to more precisely determine the optical characteristics of lenses — a key requirement for rational production.
Further steps were taken to separate mechanical and optical production. At the same time, Abbe constructed new illumination apparatus. He made his first forays into lens design in — but this task proved to be a difficult one. On 12 September , Abbe presented his design plan for a powerful water immersion objective lens.
The first homogeneous oil immersion objective lens was developed on the suggestion of John Ware Stephenson; production began in early How this worked? An immersion liquid such as cedar oil, which has a distinctly higher refractive index than air, was placed between the specimen and the lens. On 8 January , Abbe was able to tell his friend Anton Dohrn about the success of the new product:.
For 3 months now we have been working tirelessly to fulfill the orders we have received. In particular, the new lenses oil immersion — and might I say it is a disgrace that you have yet to receive one of them because they are selling like hot cakes — have truly helped elevate the reputation of the Optical Works both in Germany and abroad.
It would seem that over the past 6 months all institutes in Berlin with which we previously had no contact have placed orders for large microscopes. The diagram shows the key locations where these microscopes were sold during the two periods of to and to The majority of orders in the first 20 years came from ducal towns in and around Jena and some German university towns and centers of commerce.
Occasional sales were also made to areas which at that time formed part of Russia, in many cases facilitated by graduates of Jena University. The second period is dominated by major bastions of science and key centers of trade and commerce in western Europe. New York also appears, and an increasing role was played by wholesalers in places such as Cambridge and Delft.
On 27 May , Ernst Abbe received a letter from young chemist Otto Schott — , who spoke of a new kind of glass he had created. Until then, ordinary glass had been used to produce lenses. Now, the opportunity presented itself to develop special, optical glass. He sent these samples to Jena, where their suitability for optical purposes was assessed.
In January a glass technology laboratory was set up in Jena. The main problem associated with these diseases is a sedentary lifestyle among people who do not exercise regularly. According to the WHO World Health Organisation , a sedentary person is one who does not exercise daily for at least 90 minutes.
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There are 30 fashion designers on the official Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture calendar for the Fall season including couture stalwarts like Christian Dior and Chanel and newer names like and Giambattista Valli. While many have predicted the death of haute couture for some time, designers like Elie Saab and Zuhair Murad have brought new life to the world of couture, and a new customer. During the s Kuwaiti socialite Mouna al-Ayoub and Houston socialite Suzanne Saperstein were vocal about their love of haute couture.
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