Even during the last week before childbirth, pregnant women on average picked three-quarters or more of the amount normal for women. Infant and child mortality rates were twice as high among slave children as among southern White children.
Half of all slave infants died in their first year of life. A major contributor to the high infant and child death rate was chronic undernourishment.
The average birth weight of slave infants was less than 5. Most infants of enslaved mothers were weaned within three or four months.
Even in the eighteenth century, the earliest weaning age advised by doctors was eight months. After weaning, slave infants were fed a starch-based diet, consisting of foods such as gruel, which lacked sufficient nutrients for health and growth. Slaves suffered a variety of miserable and often fatal maladies due to the Atlantic Slave Trade, and to inhumane living and working conditions.
Common symptoms among enslaved populations included: blindness; abdominal swelling; bowed legs; skin lesions; and convulsions. Common conditions among enslaved populations included: beriberi caused by a deficiency of thiamine ; pellagra caused by a niacin deficiency ; tetany caused by deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and Vitamin D ; rickets also caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D ; and kwashiorkor caused by severe protein deficiency.
Diarrhea, dysentery, whooping cough, and respiratory diseases as well as worms pushed the infant and early childhood death rate of slaves to twice that experienced by white infants and children. The domestic slave trade in the US distributed the African American population throughout the South in a migration that greatly surpassed in volume the Atlantic Slave Trade to North America.
Until about 10 years ago I never heard of any war fought that would have led to 12 million people being sold in Africa. What happened to that wealth? Why have no nation requested reparations for losing so many people? African tribes sued for reparations from Germany for crimes hidden long before slavery, yet no claim for the black people in America. Neither does hundreds of people traveling for months at a time stacked on top of each other with no food or fresh water all while urinating and defecating on each other, yet marched to an auction block upon arrival.
My 2 yo grandchild sits on my lap for 5 minutes and my legs feels numb. The atlantic slave trade narrative is less probable than mission impossible. My question to you is what could black people possibly take responsibility for?
There is not one record stating who their descendants are or where they came from. So there was barely enough food and water to sustain life, and many died along the way from suffocation, starvation, disease, beatings, and suicides by drowning. You probably had not heard of all this because it has not been well-described in our history textbooks nor in popular literature.
That does not mean it did not happen, but only that many historians and book publishers did not value Black lives enough to research and write about this horrific trade in human beings — or that it was simply so ugly than they did not wish for Americans to learn these shameful parts of our history.
As is true for many countries, the triumphant, glorious parts of history get told and retold, and the embarrassing or horrifying parts get ignored or buried.
Why is finding who owes reparations so hard? Slavery was well documented by the owners. Ledgers with names and worths! Has anyone even tried to honestly research these documents?
The information is there, maybe we need to silence our politicians and allow for some meaningful dialogue. Brianna, hopefully you found the answer to your important question within this exhibit. Depends which part of the Americas. There are three countries that belong to the North American continent The U. It depends where one looks — but there are records that indicate that the Portuguese charged high prices for the slaves and the number of slaves available during the Spanish rule in North America were not sufficient to meet the needs of the colony and so records indicate that in that part of North America, under Spanish Rule, before it became Mexico and before the U.
S of America invaded what had become Mexico there were about 6, Africans in New Spain and about 3, African in Central America Central Americas population and land mass is much small than Mexico.
The U. Slavery was illegal in Mexico. But the majority of the Slaves ended up in South America, Brazil, Brazil had over 4 million African slaves and the Caribbean I think it was Cuba and Puerto that held out and continued the slave trade until s, with Cuba being the last to stop the import of Slavery.
Great and informative response Min, thanks! Sorry for formatting, best I could do. Africans in Mexico. As a middle aged white male mainly from the south I wondered yrs.
Ago how many people were brought here to be slaves. I do know that all information I read is only as honest as the person writing it.
But I was pretty shocked to read how many people today are related to the slaves yes. Granted I know this is not a one stop shop for answers but this does help me with my questions and make want to ask more and learn.
Because enslaved people were treated as cargo, as property, there is an extensive record of slave ship manifests lists of the cargo that was on each ship. There were also receipts for insurance paid to cover the loss of that human property. These and other records help historians figure out out many Africans were brought to the New World to labor for free all their lives.
And it is a shocking number. In addition, there was intentional forced breeding to produce new slaves. So yes, you are correctly noticing that many many people in the US are descended from that large exploited population. Less than , human beings used for chattel slavery were shipped to the U.
Then they began importing more slaves from Africa to perform the hard labor and began to sell the cloth they had licensed up and down the African coast. I find these figures very difficult to believe and borderline ridiculous considering available data. The Transatlantic Slave Trade lasted years. Augustine FL to Louisiana receiving constant shipments of slaves. With such a supposedly tiny number of slaves being imported in the United States one would have the false impression that the United States was a extremely minor player in the TransAtlantic Slave Trade, when we know that this was simply not the case given the wealth it accumulated from Slavery.
Just on the available, albeit loose collection of, data, I find this article very hard to believe. I think the numbers are wonky because they are indeed trying to conceal that there were MANY people already right here in America who were indeed enslaved. This does not even make sense.
Many of these expeditions occurred before the slave trade. Many of the dark native tribes were written out of history because they were easy targets to be classified as slaves to people who needed more slaves and second Congress victors gets to determine which tribes were recognized as native.
Lastly, the options of the Census of and forward created inconsistencies in how the black native indians because Columbus was lost were defined and labeled. I had to stop to digest the information a few times. The the information on the website you cite is, to my thinking, suspect and potentially flawed in its accuracy.
Most slaves came from West Africa. For information about the various ports to which they were brought for sale, please see this excellent National Geographic article. America's Black Holocaust Museum. Bringing Our History to Light. S During the Slave Trade? More Breaking News. All News. Europeans and Muslims engaged in the slave trade for centuries before the colonization of the America's.
Yet the transatlantic slave trade further bled Africa of its people and resources. While it was not the only slave trade in Africa, it was the largest in terms of sheer volume and intensity. The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries from the ninth to the nineteenth Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million depending on the author across the Atlantic Ocean.
The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery, but according to the author of American Holocaust, it is likely that the number of slaves who died in procurement is equal to the number who survived.
A database compiled in the 's put the figure for the transatlantic slave trade at more than 11 million people. For a long time an accepted figure was 15 million, although this has recently been revised downward.
Patrick Manning, the author of "The Slave Trade," estimates that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century, and about 1.
These estimates also do not cover how many slaves died in the New World. Aboard the ships, African captives were packed into tight, unsanitary spaces for months at a time. Many slaves who tried to starve themselves to death were force fed. These conditions also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases.
Other fatalities were suicide, and slaves who escaped their fate by throwing themselves overboard. The slave traders would attempt to fit anywhere from slaves on one ship.
The journey typically took anywhere between months, and during this time enslaved people were chained naked in rows on the floor of the hold, or on shelves that ran along the inside of the ship's hulls. There are 28 entries in all, one for each day in February, covering such broad topics as the first and second Middle Passages, emancipation, genealogy and the geographical diversity among enslaved and free black people in the United States and throughout the Caribbean and South America.
So, here are some facts for you to memorize and quote, as you sort through the meaning of this marvelous month when we commemorate the sacrifices and achievements of our ancestors in your own lives. And, if you work in an office, labor outside or are mobile on a daily route, try passing one of these around each day to your co-workers or customers, regardless of their ethnicity, at the water cooler, over a coffee break, at lunch, or, yes, even in the elevator!
Freshness guaranteed 12 expertly-curated coffee surprises delivered to your door in the form of a holiday advent calendar. Philip Randolph, declared at that most historical of settings, the Lincoln Memorial, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. You get what you can take and keep what you can hold. Dear readers of The Root , my hope is that the 28 facts assembled here give you something to hold onto you as you make your journey through Black History Month, this life and the larger American story.
In the history of the trans-Atlantic slave trade , Of them, The primary reason was natural increase, a distinguishing feature of American-style slavery. In the U. And sometimes—not often enough—these slaves were able to earn enough money working on their own to purchase their freedom and that of their wife and children.
The Middle Passage refers to the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A second Middle Passage followed within the U. The reason was business—specifically, the cotton trade. Where it flourished, in the states of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, the slave population increased by an average of Of the 3.
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